前綴in-在英語(yǔ)中派生出大量的英語(yǔ)單詞,在所有英語(yǔ)詞綴里面,由這個(gè)前綴派生出來(lái)的單詞數(shù)量驚人的大,比如金正基《英語(yǔ)詞綴與派生詞》一書就列出由前綴in-派生出的單詞就有145個(gè),再加上冷僻的單詞那就更多了。在所有由前綴in-派生出來(lái)的單詞中,in-意思可分為兩大類:1)表示否定意義的派生前綴in-,表示not,no,lack of 意思是“不、無(wú)、非”;2)表示方向的原生前綴in-,表示in,into;on,upon;toward 意思是“向內(nèi)、入”等。 下面我們對(duì)in-兩大意思來(lái)源,及其變體進(jìn)行詳細(xì)講解: 前綴in-表示否定意義時(shí):in-的前身是表示否定意義的拉丁前綴in-,其基本含義是not。能與in-結(jié)合的拉丁詞干的英語(yǔ)中幾乎都是借詞,所以,我們可以把in- 看成一個(gè)特殊的派生前綴,它只與拉丁借詞相結(jié)合。具體地說(shuō),in-可以跟形容詞(及其派生詞)、名詞綴合,其意義分別為not(不)和lack of(無(wú))。這時(shí),in-并不改變?cè)~基單詞的詞性。不過(guò),in-又保留著某些原生詞綴的特點(diǎn),它受詞干首字母的同化,生出il-,im-,ir-三種異體(在劉毅詞根詞典里面這種變im-,ir-,en-,i-體包括),其中,in- 用在除l,b,m,p,r之外的其他字母之前;il-用在l之前,ir-用在r之前;im-用在唇音b,p,m之前。 前綴in-表示方向的前綴時(shí):in-來(lái)源于拉丁介副詞in,其基本含義是in/into,on/upon或towrads。它一般加綴在拉丁動(dòng)詞詞根前,構(gòu)成原生動(dòng)詞或動(dòng)詞詞干,在構(gòu)詞中起修飾或加強(qiáng)作用。與表示否定前綴的in-一樣,表示方向的前綴in-也有il-,im-和ir-三種變體,而且構(gòu)詞規(guī)則與還定前綴in-也完全相同。 概括: 一. in- (1) 表示:不、無(wú)、非。 (2)向內(nèi)、入。 (3)加強(qiáng)意義,或表示“使...”、“作...”。 二. im- (用在b,m,p之前) (1) 表示:不、無(wú)、非。 (2)向內(nèi)、入。 (3)加強(qiáng)意義,或表示“使...”、“飾以...”、“加以...”。 三. il- (用在l之前) (1) 表示:不、無(wú)、非。 (2) 加強(qiáng)或引申意 四. ir- (用在r之前) (1) 表示:不、無(wú)、非。 (2) 向內(nèi),入 例詞: 1.illicit [il<in( =not) +lic( =permit)法律不允許的] adj. unlawful, forbidden 非法的,法律禁止的 illicitly 非法地 舉例: The minister had conducted an illicit affair with a parishioner for years. 那位牧師多年以來(lái)一直和一名教區(qū)居民保持著非法關(guān)系。 2.illusion [il<in( =in) +lus/lud( =play,laugh)在…里玩、笑] n. the seeing of something that does not really exist; false idea or belief 幻影,幻想;錯(cuò)覺(jué),妄想 illusionist 魔術(shù)家,幻想家 illusive/illusory 幻覺(jué)的,錯(cuò)覺(jué)的,迷惑人的 舉例: Many old maids hold the ilusion of perfect marriage well into their fifties. 許多老處女在五十歲以后仍煞幻想著擁有完美的婚姻。 3.immense [im<in( =not) +mens<meter( =measure)無(wú)法測(cè)量的] adj. vast,huge; very good,excellent 極廣大的,無(wú)限的,巨大的;極妙的,優(yōu)秀的 immensity 無(wú)限,廣大,龐大的東西 immensely 無(wú)限地,非常 舉例: There is an immense gulf of enmity between my brother and me. 我哥哥和我之間存在一道鴻溝,我們矛盾很深。 4.immerse [im<in( =into)+mers<merg (=dip, plunge) 浸入…之中弄濕] vt. sb/sth+in+sth put under the surface of water or other liquid; absorb deeply,engross; baptize by dipping under water 浸入,使沉浸;使埋首于;施浸禮 immersion 浸入;專心;浸禮 immerge( =immerse) 舉例: He immersed himself in his studies to the detraction of his social life. 他因埋頭于學(xué)業(yè)而忽視了社交生活。 5.immobile [im<in (=not)+mob (=move)不能移動(dòng)的] adj. not able to move or be moved; motionless 不能移動(dòng)的,不動(dòng)的,固定的 immobilize 使(某物)不能移動(dòng) immobility 固定,靜止 舉例:A plaster cast holds a broken bone immoblie, allowing it to heal. 石膏繃帶固定住骨折的骨頭,以利于其恢復(fù)。 6.impact [im<in( =intensive) +pact( =fasten, agree)使勁系緊,捆緊] n. strong impression or effect; collision, force exerted by one object when striking against another 強(qiáng)烈的印象、影響;沖突,沖擊 vt. pack firmly together; collide with 填滿;沖突 舉例: The appeal had such an impact on me that I contributed $100 dollars. 那呼吁給我以巨大的影響,我捐獻(xiàn)了100美元。 7.impassable [im<in( =not)+pass( =stride, step)跨不過(guò)的,越不過(guò)的] adj. impossible to travel through or on 不能通行的,不能通過(guò)的,無(wú)法穿越的 impassability 不能通行 舉例: Many of the highest mountain passes are impassable in winter. 高山上的路有很多在冬天無(wú)法通行。 8.implement [im<in( =in)+ple(=fill)把…里面填滿] n. tool or instrument for working with 工具,手段 vt. carry an undertaking, agreement, promise into effact 履行協(xié)定、約定等 implementation n. 履行,實(shí)行 舉例: The plan will be implemented in stages, starting next week. 此計(jì)劃下周開始分階段實(shí)施。 9.incalculable [in( =not)+calcul( =reckon)數(shù)不清的] adj. too great to be calculated; unpredictable 無(wú)法計(jì)算的,無(wú)法預(yù)測(cè)的,(數(shù)目)巨大的 舉例: Prime numbers of more than 100 digits are incalculable by today's supercomputers. . 就是今天的超級(jí)計(jì)算機(jī),也無(wú)法計(jì)算出超過(guò)100位的小數(shù)。 10. incomprehensible [in( =not)+com( =thoroughly) +prehens( =take)根本無(wú)法抓住的] adj. that cannot be understood 不能理解的 incomprehension 不了解 舉例: l've studied French for months, but I still find most conversations incomprehensible. 我已經(jīng)學(xué)了好幾個(gè)月法語(yǔ),但發(fā)現(xiàn)對(duì)多數(shù)對(duì)話仍無(wú)法理解。 11. indisputable [in (=not)+dis( =apart) +put (=think)不必分開考慮的] adj. that cannot be disputed; unquestionable 無(wú)爭(zhēng)論之余地的,明白的 舉例: lt's an indisputable tact that I earn more in sales commissions than she does. 我的銷售傭金比她多,這是無(wú)可爭(zhēng)辯的事實(shí)。 12.induce [in( =in, into)+duc( =lead)拉向里面] vt. sb+to do bring about; persuade; draw a general conclusion or principle from particular facts 引起,致使;勸誘;歸納 inducement 勸誘,刺激物 induction 歸納法;感應(yīng);就任;募兵 inductive 誘導(dǎo)的;歸納的 induct 正式就任;人會(huì);募兵 舉例: Doctors often Induce labor in pregnant women with powerful drugs. 區(qū)生常用強(qiáng)效藥物為孕婦催產(chǎn)。 13.inept [in (=not)+ept<apt( =fit)不適當(dāng)?shù)腯 adj. not suitable to the purpose; wrong in a foolish and awkward way; incompetent 不適當(dāng)?shù)模粺o(wú)能的;愚笨的,笨拙的;不熟練的 ineptitude不熟練;不適宜;不當(dāng)?shù)难孕? ineptly 不適當(dāng)?shù)?br> 舉例:I apologize for my inept remark;I never meant to offend you. 我為自己不恰當(dāng)?shù)脑挼狼?,我絕不是有意冒犯您。 14. ingenuity [in (=in)+gen (=birth)誕生的狀態(tài)] n. cleverness and skill; originality in design 機(jī)靈,精明;才能;獨(dú)創(chuàng)性,創(chuàng)造力 ingenious 機(jī)靈的,有發(fā)明才能的,巧妙的 ingenuous 純真的 舉例: His ingenuity kept the company running even during the cash shortfall. 他的才智使公司在資金不足的狀況下仍能正常運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)。 15.ingrained [in (=in)+grain<gran( =seed)杷種子播在…里面] adj. deeply fixed; thorough; going deep(習(xí)慣等)根深蒂固的;(謊言)徹頭徹尾的;(理論、思想等)深入骨髓的 ingrain 生染,使(習(xí)慣等)根深蒂固:生染的,根深蒂固的; 生染的纖維 舉例: Adult's racial prejudice has typically been ingrained since childhood. 成人的種族偏見(jiàn)一般從兒時(shí)起就已根深蒂固。 16.ingratitude [in( =not)+grat(=thank, pleasing, favor)不感謝的] n. lack of gratitude 不知感恩,忘思負(fù)義 ingrate 忘恩負(fù)義者 舉例: Because of her past ingratitude,I won't be giving her any more gifts. 因?yàn)樗郧安恢卸鲌D報(bào),所以我決不再送她禮物。 17. inhabitant [in( =in)+hab( =live, have)在…里面居住的人] n. a person or animal that inhabits some specified region, dwelling, etc. 居民,居住者:棲息動(dòng)物 inhabit 居住于,居住,棲息 inhabitable 適于居住的 inhabited 有人居住的 舉例: There are only 7 inhabitants in this small apartment building. 這幢小公寓樓里只有七個(gè)人住。 18.initiative [in (=in, into)+it (=go)去里邊] n. first or introductory step or move; capacity to see what needs to be done and enterprise enough to do it:the right of citizens to introduce new laws 先導(dǎo),主導(dǎo)權(quán),率先,開始;創(chuàng)意;進(jìn)取心,事業(yè)心;公 民立法提案權(quán) initiate 開始,入門;新加入的(人),被傳授的(人)initiation 開始,著手,入會(huì) initial開始的,最初的;(字的)首字母,名字的首字母;以首字母簽名 舉例: Employees with initiative are likely to be promoted after their first year. 有進(jìn)取心的職員可能會(huì)在第一年之后得到提升。 19.innovation [in( =in) +nov (=new)翻新里面] n. the act or process of innovating; something new that is introduced 革新,創(chuàng)新;新制度,新事物;發(fā)明 innovate 改革,創(chuàng)新 innovator 改革者,創(chuàng)新者 innovative 創(chuàng)新的 舉例: Her innovation contributed to several new and useful teaching methods. 地的革新方案有助于開發(fā)一些新的、有效的教學(xué)方法。 20.instantaneous [in (=on)+st (=stand)站于…上] adj. happening in an instant 瞬間的,即刻的 instant 瞬間,剎那;即刻的 instantaneously 瞬間地,剎那間 舉例: Wire transfers are instantaneous. The money arrives in milliseconds. 電匯瞬間就可完成,錢即刻可到賬。 21.intangible [in( =not)+tang( =touch)無(wú)法接觸或撫摸的] adj. that cannot be touched; insubstantial; not easily grasped by the mind 不能撫摸的;無(wú)形的;難以掌握的 intangibility 不可觸知性 舉例: Some of the most important gifts we receive from parents are intangible. 我們從父母那兒得來(lái)的一些最重要的禮物是無(wú)形的財(cái)富。 22.intensive [in( =in)+tens (=stretch)在…里拉高] adj. characterized by intensity; concentrated,thorough; giving force and emphasis 強(qiáng)烈的;集中的,徹底的;加強(qiáng)語(yǔ)氣的,強(qiáng)調(diào)的 intensify 加強(qiáng) intensification 激化,強(qiáng)化 intensity 強(qiáng)烈;緊張 intension 強(qiáng)度 intense 強(qiáng)烈的,激烈的;熱情的 舉例:I took a 2-day intensive course on how to use my new computer. 力學(xué)會(huì)使用我的新計(jì)算機(jī),我參加了一個(gè)為期兩天的強(qiáng)化培訓(xùn)課程。 23.intimidate [in (=in)+tim(=fear)使陷入恐懼的狀態(tài)] vt. make someone afraid; force someone to do something by means of threats 使害怕;脅迫,威脅 intimidation 威脅,脅迫 舉例:Some adults compel obedience from young children by intimidating them. 一些大人通過(guò)威脅孩子來(lái)迫使他們服從。 24. invoke [in ( =on) +vok/voc (=call)依靠…呼喊] vt. call upon God,the power of the law,etc. for help or protection; request earnestly;summon up by magic 祈求上帝的保佑;求助于法律的力量;誠(chéng)懇地請(qǐng)求;用魔法召喚 invocation 祈禱;呼訴,請(qǐng)求;咒語(yǔ) 舉例: People who say blessings at mealtime invoke the name of God with thanks. 就餐時(shí)祈禱的人心懷感激地呼喚著上帝的名字。 25.imminent [im<in (=on)+min (=hang,project)懸掛在某物上] adj. impending; likely to happen without delay 緊急的:急迫的,迫切的 imminence 急迫,迫近 imminently 迫切地,迫近地 舉例:I'll wait and buy it later because their clearance sale is imminent. 因?yàn)樗麄凂R上就要清倉(cāng)甩賣了,我決定過(guò)些時(shí)候再買那樣?xùn)|西。 26.impartial [im<in (=not)+part (=part)不分割某物的] adj. not favoring one more than another 公平的,不偏不倚的 impartiality 公正,不倔不倚 impartially 公平地 舉例:Ideally a judge will be imparial in his administration of justice. 理想地說(shuō),法官應(yīng)該公正執(zhí)法。 27.implore [im<in( =intensive)+plor(=weep)眼淚汩汩而流] vt. ask or beg earnestiy for 懇求,哀求,尋求神或法律的寬恕 imploration 乞求,懇求 imploring 哀求的 imploringly 哀求地 舉例: The woman implored the doctors to locate a liver donor for her dying son. 那個(gè)女人哀求醫(yī)生為她垂死的兒子尋找肝臟捐贈(zèng)者。 28.impostor [im<in (=on)+post (=put)放在上面] n. a person who deceives or cheats by pretending to be someone or something that he is not 胃名頂替者,騙子 舉例: l've read of several cases where respected physicians turned out to be impostors. 我曾閱讀過(guò)幾宗關(guān)于受尊敬的內(nèi)科醫(yī)生最終被查明是騙子的案例。 29.incentive [in( =in, on)+cent( =sing)在…里面唱歌] n. that which incites, rouses, or encourages a person 動(dòng)機(jī),誘因,刺激 舉例: Salespeople usually receive commissions as an incentive to sell more. 營(yíng)業(yè)員通??梢詮匿N售中提成,這成為其銷售更多貨物的動(dòng)機(jī)。 30.indifference [in( =not)+dif<dis(=away)+fer(=carry)搬運(yùn)時(shí)注意不使脫離] n. ~ to the state of being indifferent; absence of interest or feeling; lack of importance, meaning, or worth 不關(guān)心,冷淡;不重要 indifferent 不關(guān)心的,無(wú)關(guān)緊要的,平凡的 舉例: lt's hard to be in love with you when you show me only indifference. 你對(duì)我一點(diǎn)兒也不關(guān)心,我很難愛(ài)上你。 31.irreverent [ir<in(=not) + re(=again) + ver(=feel awe) 不再有敬畏感的] adj. feeling or showing no respect for sacred things 不尊敬的,不恭敬的 inrreverence 不敬的行為(言辭) 舉例:Many teenagers today are irreverent towards authority figures. 現(xiàn)在,許多十幾歲的青少年對(duì)權(quán)威人物并不尊敬。 32.irrelevant [ir<in(=not) + re(=again) + lev (=lift,light) 不能再舉起的] adj. not relevant;not connected 不相關(guān)的;不切題的;不恰當(dāng)?shù)?br> irrelevance/irrelevancy 不恰當(dāng)?shù)模粺o(wú)關(guān)系;不切題 舉例:教授說(shuō)我論文的第三段與論文整體無(wú)關(guān)聯(lián)性。 33.ignoble [i<in(=not) +gno (=know) 不能知道的] adj. of low character;mean;of low birth 低劣的,卑劣的;不光彩的;(出身或身份)低微的 舉例:The Taliban in Afghanistan met an ignoble end at the hands of the USA. 阿富汗的塔利班政權(quán)在美國(guó)手里落了個(gè)不光彩的下場(chǎng)。