前綴ex-是很重要的前綴,它來源于拉丁介詞ex,意為out或out of,即表示“向外”、“分離”的傾向。作為原生詞綴與拉丁介詞根結(jié)合時(shí),ex-有兩個(gè)異體e-和ef-。其中,ex-用在元音字母和c,h,p,q,s,t前面;ef-只出現(xiàn)在f之前;e-則可以出現(xiàn)在b,d,g,j,l,m,n,r,v等之前。值得注意的是,ex-又可以作為派生前綴,與表示身份或職業(yè)的名詞相結(jié)合,表示former (以前的,前任的)的意思。這時(shí)ex-沒有異體,而且往往要帶連字符。 下面重點(diǎn)看一下ex-的主要意思“out”。 1.在外邊,向外 expressly, elucidate, expedite 2.向上,伸展地 elated, extol, elongate 3.盡,沒有了地,火滅了地 extinct, effete 4.挑選,捏出,拔出 emend, effigy 5.去除,擺脫,使分離 expurgate, exorbitant, extenuate 6.徹底地,完全地,到最終,到最后,大聲地,聽得見地 extant, edict 7.表強(qiáng)調(diào)[非常,用力] exalt, efficacious, exhort 另外,前綴ex-還會(huì)出現(xiàn)輔音字母同化和輔音字母脫落等變形現(xiàn)象。 1.E(在輔音字母b,d,g.j.I,m,n,r,v之前] ebullition, editorial, egregious, ejection, eligible, emanate, enervate, eradicate,evacuation 2.EF(在輔音字母f之前] efficiency, effeminate 3、EC(在輔音字母c,l,s,t,z之前] eccentric, eclectic, ecstasy, appendectomy, eczema 4.ES(在輔音字母c之前] escort, escapism 5.EX(ex之后的輔音字母s脫落] ex( s)piration, ex(s)tirpate, ex(s)istence 此外,前綴ex-還有一些同義前綴out-,extra-,exter,extro,它們也有“在外邊(out)”的含義。 例詞: 1.emit [(e<ox (=out) +mit (=send)向外寄送] vt. give off.send or send out; signal; issue paper money.etc. 散發(fā)光、熱、聲音、味道等,發(fā)出,發(fā)射;發(fā)出信號(hào);發(fā)行紙幣等 emission 發(fā)射;紙幣發(fā)行 emissary 使者,密使 舉例: Smoke detectors emit a waming sound when the battery is low. 當(dāng)電池電量低時(shí),煙霧報(bào)警器會(huì)發(fā)出警告聲。 2.enumerate [(e<ex( =out) +numer( =number)徹底地?cái)?shù)、列舉)] vt. count a list of articles naming them one by one 逐一清點(diǎn),列舉 enumeration 逐一清點(diǎn),列舉;細(xì)目,目錄,一覽表 舉例: The teacher enumerated the pupil's mistakes before punishing him 老師在懲罰那個(gè)學(xué)生之前先逐一列舉了他所犯的錯(cuò)。 3.evoke [(e<ex( =out, up) +vok/voc (=call)向外、向上叫)] vt. call forth or summon a spirit, etc; draw forth or elicit a particular mental image reaction, etc. 招出靈魂等;引起,喚起 evocation 喚出,喚起 evocative 喚出的,喚起的 舉例: That song evokes pleasant high school memories for me. 那首歌喚起了我中學(xué)時(shí)的美好回憶。 4.exalt [(ex( =out, intensive) +alt( =high)使上得非常高] vt. make higher in status, power, dignity, honor, wealth, etc., praise highly; lift someone up 提高或提升地位、權(quán)力、品位、名譽(yù)、財(cái)膏等;贊揚(yáng);使喜悅,使得意洋洋 exaltation 提高,晉升;贊揚(yáng);得意洋洋 exalted 有品位的,高貴的 舉例:Vice Presidents are sometimes suddenly exalted to the Presidency by assassinations. 副總統(tǒng)偶爾會(huì)因暗殺事件而突然晉升為總統(tǒng)。 5.expend [(ex( =out) +pend( =pay,weigh)支付以使某物完盡、沒有了] vt. sth+on+sth spend; use up 使用,消費(fèi);消耗,用光 expenditure 支出,經(jīng)費(fèi) expense費(fèi)用,支出;犧牲 expensive 昂貴的 expendable可花費(fèi)的 舉例: About 28% of the library's annual budget is expended on new acquisitions. 那家圖書館年預(yù)算中的28%左右都用來購置新書。 6.expressly [(ex (=out) +press (=press)下壓擠出外邊] adv.definitely, plainly; specially,on purpose 明白地,清楚地;特別地,故意地 express 表達(dá),表示;快遞;明白的,明示的;快遞的,快速的;快車,快件;捷運(yùn)公司 expression 表達(dá);措辭;表情 expressionism 表現(xiàn)主義 expressive 表現(xiàn)的,顯示的 expressionless 無表情的,無表達(dá)的 舉例: The web site was oxpreuly created to support recently widowed women. 那家網(wǎng)站是為支持那些近來失去丈夫的女性們特別創(chuàng)建的。 7.extinc [(ex( =out) +tinct<stinct(=prick)用針剌使變沒有了] adj. no longer in existence, having died out;no longer buming, no longer active不再存在的;消亡了的,絕種的(滅絕的);(火)熄滅的,不再活躍的 extinction 消滅,絕種;(火)熄滅,廢止 extinguisher 滅火器 extinguish 熄滅(火),使消滅 舉例: Hundreds of insect species become extinct each year. 每年都有數(shù)百種昆蟲滅絕。 8.extort [(ex( =out) +tort( =twist)扭曲使出來] vt. sth+from+sb obtain money, etc. from someone by threats, force, etc; exact;wrest 敲詐錢財(cái)?shù)?;?qiáng)求約定、坦白等;強(qiáng)取,搶奪 extortion 強(qiáng)求,搶奪,官員的勒索錢財(cái)罪 extortionate 價(jià)格過于昂貴的,要求 過高的 舉例: The Mafioso extorted money from an old widow to pay her husband's debt. 那個(gè)黑手黨成員從一個(gè)老寡婦那里敲詐錢替她丈夫還了債。 9.eject [(e<ex( =out) +ject( =throw)向外扔] vt. compel somebody to leave a place; send out liquid, etc. 攆出,驅(qū)逐;噴射液體等,排出 ejection 攆出,排 ecjector 驅(qū)逐者,排出器 舉例: After committing 5 fouls,a basketball player is electod from the game. 籃球選手犯規(guī)五次就要被罰下賽場。 10. elongate [(e<ex( =out) +long( =long)使伸展得長長地] v. make or become long in space 使伸長,拉長,變長 elongation 伸長,延長 舉例: Pull on soft water taffy to elongate it as it cools. 當(dāng)軟水太妃糖冷卻的時(shí)候用力拉它可使它變長。